Electronic Theses and Dissertation

PELINDUNGAN HAK KEBEBASAN BERPENDAPAT
WARGA NEGARA DI MEDIA SOSIAL MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK
DIKAITKAN DENGAN PRINSIP KEADILAN

Nadia*
M. Gaussyah **
Sri Walny Rahayu***

ABSTRAK
Hak kebebasan berpendapat merupakan bagian dari hak asasi manusia yang dijamin dalam Pasal 28E ayat (3) UUD 1945, namun di era digital implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan serius akibat pembatasan melalui Undang-undang No 1 Tahun 2024 tentang ITE. Pasal-pasal seperti Pasal 27A dan Pasal 28 ayat (2) kerap digunakan untuk membungkam kritik di media sosial, memicu kriminalisasi, dan mengancam ruang demokrasi digital. Oleh karena itu, urgensi perlindungan kebebasan berpendapat semakin penting untuk menjamin keadilan bagi warga negara di ruang digital secara seimbang dan setara.
Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis konsep pelindungan hak kebebasan berpendapat warga negara di media sosial menurut UU ITE sudah memenuhi HAM berdasarkan prinsip keadilan, serta menjelaskan dan menganalisis kendala dan tantangan penerapan perlindungan kebebasan berpendapat di media sosial berdasarkan UU ITE.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan. Sumber data dikumpulkan melalui data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu studi kepustakaan dengan dibantu oleh data primer dengan melakukan wawancara bersama narasumber.
Hasil Penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa konsep pelindungan hak kebebasan berpendapat warga negara di media sosial menurut UU ITE masih belum sepenuhnya sejalan dengan prinsip keadilan dan Prinsip HAM. Pasal-pasal seperti 27A dan 28 ayat (2) UU ITE cenderung memberikan ruang interpretasi yang luas bagi aparat penegak hukum sehingga membuka ruang penggunaan yang dapat menghambat kritik, opini, maupun ekspresi warga di ruang digital. Serta pelanggaran terhadap asas lex posterior derogat legi priori dan asas legalitas yang tidak dikedepankan dalam penenrapannya karena masih digunakannya pasal 27 ayat 3 menjadikan UU ITE belum mewujudkan semangat konstitusi. Dan masi terdapat kendala dan tantangan dari penerapan UU ITE baik secara internal maupun eksternal. Secara internal, masih terdapat ketidakjelasan norma seperti frasa dalam Pasal 27A yang membuka ruang penyalahgunaan, proses revisi yang minim partisipasi publik, serta legislasi yang dipengaruhi kepentingan politik. Dari sisi eksternal, aparat penegak hukum kerap tidak konsisten terhadap perubahan aturan, sementara penerapan UU ITE cenderung diskriminatif dan lebih memberatkan masyarakat biasa dibanding pejabat publik. Rendahnya literasi digital masyarakat turut memperburuk kondisi ini karena banyak warga belum memahami batasan hukum dalam berekspresi.

Disarankan agar pemerintah melakukan reformasi hukum yang lebih komperensif terhadap UU ITE agar UU ITE benar-benar menjamin hak konstitusional secara adil dan proporsional. Dan perlunya peningkatan literasi digital oleh masyarakat dan akademisi diharapkan terus mengkaji, mengkritisi, dan mengadvokasi perbaikan hukum melalui penelitian ilmiah dan diskusi publik guna mengawal implementasi UU ITE agar tidak menyimpang dari prinsip keadilan dan prinsip HAM.

Kata Kunci : Keadilan, Media Sosial, Hak Asasi Manusia.

PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ON SOCIAL MEDIA UNDER ACT ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AND TRANSACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE Nadia* M.Gaussyah** Sri Walny Rahayu*** ABSTRACT Freedom of expression is part of human rights guaranteed under Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in the digital era, its implementation still faces serious challenges due to restrictions through Act No. 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Act). Articles such as Article 27A and Article 28 paragraph (2) are often used to suppress criticism on social media, leading to criminalization and threatening the democratic space in the digital sphere. Therefore, the urgency of protecting freedom of expression becomes increasingly important in order to ensure justice for citizens in the digital space in a balanced and equal manner. This thesis aims to explain and analyze the concept of protecting the right to freedom of expression of citizens on social media under the ITE Act, whether it fulfills human rights based on the principle of justice, as well as to explain and analyze the obstacles and challenges in the implementation of protection of freedom of expression on social media under the ITE Act. The type of research used a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches. The data sources were collected through secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is library research, supported by primary data obtained through interviews with resource persons. The results show that the concept of protecting citizens’ right to freedom of expression on social media under the ITE Act has not yet fully aligned with the principles of justice and human rights. Provisions such as Article 27A and Article 28(2) of the ITE Act continue to grant broad interpretive discretion to law enforcement authorities, thereby enabling their use in ways that may restrict criticism, opinions, and expressions in the digital sphere. In addition, violations of the principle of lex posterior derogat legi priori and the principle of legality evidenced by the continued application of Article 27(3) demonstrate that the ITE Act has not yet embodied the constitutional spirit. The implementation of the Act also encounters both internal and external challenges. Internally, ambiguities in legal norms, such as the phrase contained in Article 27A, create opportunities for misuse; the revision process has been conducted with limited public participation; and legislation remains subject to political influence. Externally, law enforcement officers frequently fail to apply amended provisions consistently, while the Act’s enforcement tends to be discriminatory, disproportionately affecting ordinary citizens compared to public officials. The low level of digital literacy among the public further exacerbates these challenges, as many individuals lack awareness of the legal boundaries of expression. It is recommended that the government undertake a more comprehensive reform of the ITE Act to ensure that it truly guarantees constitutional rights in a fair and proportionate manner. Furthermore, strengthening digital literacy is essential, while scholars and academics are expected to continue examining, critiquing, and advocating for legal reform through scientific research and public discourse, in order to safeguard the implementation of the ITE Act so that it remains consistent with the principles of justice and human rights. Keywords: Justice, Social Media,Human Rigths.