Electronic Theses and Dissertation

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The global surge in energy demand has accelerated the shift toward renewable energy and sustainable systems. However, aligning international trade regulations with climate goals remains a key challenge. As Southeast Asia's most significant primary energy consumer and fifth in the Asia Pacific, Indonesia faces mounting pressure to meet energy needs while honouring environmental commitments. In response, it has introduced sustainability-focused policies and plans to boost renewable energy to 44% by 2030. Conflicts between trade liberalization and domestic energy policies create ongoing legal and policy barriers. As the WTO strengthens its climate role, this thesis explores how it can better support countries like Indonesia in achieving a fair and sustainable energy transition. This study examines the role and functions of the WTO in supporting the stability of Indonesia’s renewable energy transition and implementing relevant policies toward sustainable trade. It will also investigate the Indonesian government's commitment to formulating renewable energy regulations in legislation. This research used the normative method, namely laws, regulations, court decisions, and legal theory, based on the concern of primary data in the constitutions and jurisprudence. It was also supported by tertiary data that provides details regarding primary and secondary data, such as mass media or internet sources. This research has shown that the WTO is crucial for sustainable energy and trade policies. Indonesia is accelerating its transition to renewable energy, aiming for net-zero emissions by 2030. However, regional readiness remains low, influenced by per capita consumption and climate vulnerability. Suggestions to fix several implementing regulations for laws and international laws that have not been adequately regulated, as well as renewable energy standards, and the Indonesian government must take serious steps to implement renewable energies as soon as possible. The WTO should enforce its regulations for every ratified country and guarantee renewable energy security without compromise.