Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Keselamatan dan keamanan pelayaran merupakan aspek penting dalam transportasi laut yang diatur secara internasional melalui konvensi seperti Safety of life at Sea (SOLAS, Keselamatan Jiwa di Laut) dan International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship (MARPOL, Konvensi Internasional untuk Pencegahan Pencemaran dari Kapal). Di Indonesia, tanggung jawab nahkoda sebagai pengendali utama kapal diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 66 Tahun 2024 adalah perubahan ketiga atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran (UU Pelayaran). Namun, penerapan tanggung jawab hukum nahkoda dalam kecelakaan kapal di Pelabuhan Ulee Lheue dan Meulaboh masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, khususnya pada aspek pertanggungjawaban pidana.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk tanggung jawab nahkoda dalam menjaga keselamatan pelayaran, pertanggungjawaban pidana nahkoda atas kecelakaan kapal, serta hambatan dalam penyelesaian kasus kecelakaan di wilayah pelayaran Aceh. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada penerapan regulasi nasional dan praktik penegakan hukum di lapangan.
Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris, menggabungkan kajian hukum terhadap UU No. 66 Tahun 2024, KUHP, dan regulasi internasional dengan wawancara langsung kepada responden dan narasumber. Data lapangan memberikan gambaran praktik tanggung jawab hukum serta peran Mahkamah Pelayaran dalam aspek administratif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nahkoda secara normatif bertanggung jawab memastikan kelaiklautan kapal dan mematuhi prosedur navigasi yang aman. Namun, kendala seperti keterbatasan fasilitas keselamatan, kurangnya pemahaman regulasi, dan lemahnya koordinasi antarinstansi menghambat pelaksanaan tanggung jawab tersebut. Dalam aspek pidana, nahkoda dapat dikenakan sanksi jika terbukti lalai menyebabkan kecelakaan, baik melalui Mahkamah Pelayaran maupun peradilan umum.
Sebagai tindak lanjut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada Kementerian Perhubungan perlu meningkatkan pelatihan hukum pelayaran secara rutin bagi nahkoda. Otoritas pelabuhan di Aceh disarankan memperkuat fasilitas alat-alat keselamatan dan sistem pengawasan. Mahkamah Pelayaran dan aparat penegak hukum harus menyelaraskan mekanisme penyelesaian kasus kecelakaan antara jalur administratif dan pidana. Pemerintah daerah diharapkan membentuk tim terpadu untuk penanganan cepat dan koordinasi insiden pelayaran.

Maritime safety and security are fundamental aspects of sea transportation, governed internationally by conventions such as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). In Indonesia, the captain, as the highest authority on board, bears full responsibility for the safety of the vessel, crew, and passengers, as regulated under Law Number 66 of 2024, which amends Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping. However, the application of the master legal responsibility in ship accidents occurring at Ulee Lheue and Meulaboh Ports still faces various challenges, particularly in relation to criminal liability. This research aims to examine three main aspects: first, the scope of the master responsibility in ensuring maritime safety; second, the form of criminal liability imposed on captains in the event of maritime accidents; and third, the barriers encountered in resolving maritime accident cases within the Aceh region. The study focuses on the implementation of national regulations and the practical enforcement of accountability mechanisms. The research employs an empirical juridical method, combining legal analysis of Law No. 66 of 2024, the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), and relevant international instruments, with field interviews involving master, port authorities, and other related stakeholders. Field data provide insight into the practical enforcement of legal obligations and the administrative role of the Maritime Court. The findings reveal that master are normatively responsible for ensuring the seaworthiness of vessels and complying with safe navigation procedures. However, in practice, such responsibilities are hindered by limited safety infrastructure, inadequate understanding of regulations, and weak interagency coordination. In terms of criminal liability, captains may be held accountable upon evidence of negligence or intent, either through administrative sanctions imposed by the Maritime Court or via litigation in general courts. As a follow-up, this study recommends that the Ministry of Transportation enhance regular legal training for captains. Port authorities in Aceh are advised to strengthen safety facilities and operational oversight. The Maritime Court and law enforcement agencies should harmonize the procedural framework between administrative and criminal avenues. Local governments are also encouraged to establish integrated response teams for prompt and coordinated management of maritime incidents.