Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Menurut Pasal 43 ayat (1) undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (Undang-undang Perkawinan), telah menggarisbawahi seorang anak memiliki pertalian keperdataan kepada perempuan selaku ibu yang melahirkannya dan kerabat ibunya bila ia terlahir diluar pernikahan. Berdasarkan Uji Materil Pasal tersebut di Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK), Hakim beranggapan, Pasal ini melanggar prinsip keadilan terhadap sang anak dan bertentangan dengan konstitusi. Putusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010, menetapkan keturunan yang terlahir di luar pernikahan berkaitan secara keperdataan kepada ibu, kerabatnya, dan pria bila kemudian dipastikan sebagai bapaknya melalui ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, atau disertai bukti yang sah lainnya mereka memiliki pertalian keluarga, juga keperdataan dengan kerabat bapaknya. Keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 ini ternyata bertentangan dengan kaedah ditinjau dari perspektif Hukum Islam.
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pertimbangan putusan hakim MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 menurut pendapat ahli, Implikasi Keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 terkait kewarisan dalam Islam, dan kedudukan anak yang terlahir tanpa pernikahan berdasarkan keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010, menurut perpektif kaedah Hukum Islam.
Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Metode-metode atau pendekatan-pendekatan yang dipergunakan adalah filosofis (philosofis), kasus (case), dan analisis (analitycal). Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, yurisprudensi dan dianalisis kualitatif.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui, konsideran pada Keputusan Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 berdasarkan para ahli, diantaranya adalah: Pertama, Hakim MK melakukan ultra vires dalam mengadili perkara-perkara pengujian undang-undang terhadap Pasal 43 ayat (1) Undang-undang Perkawinan, berdampak kepada rusaknya tatanan keharmonisan dalam penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Hakim MK memberikan pertimbangan hukum bersifat ultra petita, serta MK melanggar asas nemo judex in causa sua dalam mengadili perkara-perkara pengujian Undang-undang Perkawinan dalam Pasal tersebut. Implikasi keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2020 Terhadap Kewarisan Hukum Islam, telah mencederai nilai-nilai ajaran Islam dalam hal kewarisan. Putusan MK dapat merugikan kepentingan umum yang lebih luas, karena telah mempertimbangkan kepentingan individu masyarakat yang memohon secara keperdataan. Implikasi lahirnya keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 putusan MK No.46/PUU-VIII/2010, adalah keturunan terlahir tanpa pernikahan telah disamakan statusnya dengan anak dalam nikah yang sah. Hubungan seorang keturunan kepada seorang pria sebagai ayahnya tidak berdasarkan pernikahan semata, tapi akan terjalin disebabkan terdapat pengakuan hubungan diantara si anak dengan ayah biologisnya yang dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Kedudukan keturunan terlahir tanpa perkawinan orang tuanya menurut keputusan MK Nomor.46/PUU-VIII/2010 ditinjau menurut perpektif kaedah syariat Islam adalah punya pertalian keluarga atau berkaitan secara keperdataan kepada ibu dan kerabatnya. Keturunan hasil zina tak memiliki keterkaitan untuk dapat mewaris dengan ayah biologisnya, namun mendapatkan wasiat wajibah. Dalam hal anak tersebut adalah berjenis kelamin perempuan, bapak biologisnya tak akan boleh bertindak sebagai wali dalam menikahkannya (hak untuk mewalikan).
Disarankan adanya pengawasan bagi MK untuk menghindari kekuasaan tidak terbatas dan pemberian sanksi bagi Hakim MK yang menyimpang dalam pengujian undang-undang. Hendaknya Hakim MK berpegang pada nilai-nilai Pancasila dan UUD Tahun 1945 secara konprehensif, agar pertimbangan putusannya objektif dengan mengutamakan kepentingan bangsa dan negara di atas kepentingan individu dan golongan. Kepada masyarakat Indonesia dan mayoritas Muslim hendaknya menjalankan ajaran agama Islam dengan konsekuen agar memberikan dampak positif dalam masyarakat, karena Islam adalah agama rahmatan lil ‘alamin, dan menjadi alternatif penyelesaian segala masalah kehidupan yang melindungi segala kepentingan masyarakat dan hak-hak asasi manusia.

Article 43 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage provides that a child born out-of-wedlock only has a civil relationship with his mother and her family. This article is unjust to the child and unconstitutional as what has been determined by a judicial review of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 states that an out-of-wedlock child has a civil relationship with his mother, relatives, and a man who can be determined to be the child's father through science, technology, or other evidence that is legally related by blood, including civil relations, with his father's family. Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 of the Constitutional Court is found to be contrary to Islamic law. This research aims to analyze the considerations of the Constitutional Court judge in decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 based on the expert's opinions, to reveal the Constitutional Court's decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 on Islamic legal inheritance, and to examine the position of children born out of wedlock based on the Constitutional Court's decision Number 46 /PUU-VIII/2010 from the perspective of Islamic law. This research involves legal inquiry and applies a normative legal approach. A philosophical, case and analytical approach are employed in the method. The data are qualitatively analyzed in the form of legislation and jurisprudence. The research reveals that the Constitutional Court Judges' concerns in Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 based on experts’ views is the Judges undertake ultra vires in deciding matters that test the law against Article 43 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, which contributes to the disintegration of the harmonious order in law enforcement in Indonesia. In terms of issues involving Article 43 paragraph (1) of the Law, the judges considered ultra petita legal factors. In deciding instances testing Article 43 paragraph (1) of the Law, the judges have breached the nemo judex in causa sua norm. In terms of inheritance, the consequences of the Constitutional Court Judgment Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 against Inheritance Islamic Law have harmed Islamic teachings. The decision of the Constitutional Court may be damaging to the general public interest since it takes into account the interests of individuals who file civil applications. The implication of the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 is that a child born outside of marriage has the same legal standing as those born within wedlock. In addition to being founded on marriage, the relationship between a child and a man as a dad can also be developed through the scientifically confirmed relationship between the child and the biological father. The status of a child born out-of-wedlock was reviewed based on Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 in Islamic law perspective is that a child only has a familial bond with the mother and her family. A child born out of wedlock does not have the right to inherit from their biological father but is required to receive a will. If the child is a girl, the biological father cannot serve as the child's marriage guardian (right of guardianship). It is suggested that the Constitutional Court has a right to the review in order to prevent uncontrolled power and the implementation of punishment on the judges who divert from evaluating laws. The values of Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945 should be adhered to in a thorough manner by the Court’s judges hence the decisions are objectively made by placing national and state interests above individual and group interests. As Islam is a religion of blessing for all and an alternative solution to all of life's problems that protect all of society's interests and human rights, the Indonesian people and the majority of Muslims should consistently follow the teachings of Islam in order to have a positive impact on society.