Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dalam Pasal 12 ayat (2) menyatakan bahwa setiap orang dilarang melakukan penggunaan secara komersial, penggandaan, pendistribusian, dan pengumuman atas potret tanpa persetujuan tertulis dari orang yang dipotret atau ahli warisnya. Namun, aplikasi FotoYu menggunakan teknologi kecerdasan buatan (RoboYu) untuk memfasilitasi komersialisasi potret di ruang publik tanpa izin, sehingga menimbulkan pelanggaran hak cipta dan hak atas citra diri.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketentuan hukum mengenai hak subjek potret di ruang publik, mengkaji bentuk pelanggaran hukum terhadap potret yang dikomersialkan tanpa izin melalui aplikasi FotoYu, dan menjelaskan bentuk perlindungan hukum yang tersedia bagi subjek potret.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Untuk memperoleh data sekunder, penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, yaitu menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan yang relevan serta mengkaji bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang selanjutnya dianalisis secara kualitatif.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik komersialisasi melalui aplikasi FotoYu merupakan pelanggaran sistemik terhadap Pasal 12 ayat (2) UUHC yang melibatkan fotografer dan platform sebagai pihak yang bertanggung jawab. Pelanggaran tersebut meliputi pemanfaatan potret tanpa izin, pengunggahan otomatis, penggunaan teknologi pengenalan wajah, serta komersialisasi dengan skema bagi hasil 90%–10% yang mengabaikan hak subjek potret. Perlindungan hukum terhadap subjek potret secara normatif ditempuh melalui mekanisme preventif sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 12 ayat (2) UUHC dan mekanisme represif melalui Pasal 56 ayat (1) UUHC mengenai gugatan ganti rugi serta Pasal 113 ayat (3) dan Pasal 120 UUHC terkait sanksi pidana. Namun, efektivitas perlindungan tersebut belum optimal akibat lemahnya verifikasi dan penegakan hukum di tingkat platform serta kendala prosedural dalam praktik penegakan hukum.

Penelitian menegaskan perlunya regulasi turunan berupa pedoman digital consent, penguatan pengawasan DJKI, kewajiban platform menyediakan sistem verifikasi dan takedown, serta peningkatan literasi hukum. Langkah ini diperlukan agar perlindungan hak cipta potret di era digital dapat terlaksana secara efektif dan berkeadilan.

Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, under Article 12 paragraph (2), stipulates that any person is prohibited from commercially exploiting, reproducing, distributing, or publicly displaying a portrait without the written consent of the person depicted or their heirs. However, the FotoYu application employs artificial intelligence technology (RoboYu) to facilitate the commercialization of portraits in public spaces without authorization, thereby giving rise to violations of copyright and personality rights (right to one’s image). This research aims to analyze the legal provisions governing the rights of portrait subjects in public spaces, examine the forms of legal violations arising from the unauthorized commercialization of portraits through the FotoYu application, and elucidate the available legal protections afforded to portrait subjects. The research method applied is normative juridical. Secondary data were obtained through library research employing a statutory approach, namely by reviewing relevant legislation and examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which were subsequently analyzed qualitatively. The findings demonstrate that the commercialization practices conducted through the FotoYu application constitute a systemic violation of Article 12 paragraph (2) of the Copyright Law, involving both photographers and the platform as responsible parties. Such violations include the unauthorized use of portraits, automatic uploading mechanisms, the utilization of facial recognition technology, and commercialization under a 90%–10% revenue-sharing scheme that disregards the rights of portrait subjects. Normatively, legal protection for portrait subjects may be pursued through preventive mechanisms as stipulated in Article 12 paragraph (2) of the Copyright Law and repressive mechanisms under Article 56 paragraph (1) concerning civil claims for damages, as well as Article 113 paragraph (3) and Article 120 concerning criminal sanctions. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of such protection remains suboptimal due to weak verification and enforcement mechanisms at the platform level, as well as procedural constraints in practical law enforcement. The study underscores the necessity for implementing regulations in the form of digital consent guidelines, strengthened supervision by the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DJKI), mandatory platform-based verification and takedown systems, and enhanced legal literacy. These measures are essential to ensure that the protection of portrait copyright in the digital era is implemented effectively and equitably.