Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat secara normatif telah mengakui hak restitusi bagi korban perkosaan. Namun, terdapat diskoneksi paradigmatik antara law in books dengan law in action, di mana pemenuhan hak pemulihan korban kerap terabaikan dalam praktik peradilan. Permasalahan utama penelitian ini adalah lemahnya formulasi politik hukum dalam Pasal 51 ayat (1) Qanun Jinayat 2014 yang memposisikan restitusi sebagai ‘uqubat tambahan fakultatif melalui diksi dapat serta bergantung pada permintaan aktif korban, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis politik hukum pidana (criminal law policy) dalam formulasi ‘uqubat restitusi, mengkaji kedudukannya berdasarkan teori tujuan hukum, serta menemukan mekanisme pemenuhan hak restitusi yang ideal bagi korban perkosaan ditinjau menurut hukum pidana Islam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, secara legal policy (kebijakan hukum), formulasi restitusi dalam Qanun 6/2014 masih bersifat ambivalen dan offender-oriented karena menempatkan pemulihan korban sebagai opsi sekunder di bawah sanksi fisik (cambuk atau penjara) dalam Pasal 48 dan 49. Berdasarkan teori politik hukum pidana, formulasi ini gagal berfungsi sebagai instrumen perlindungan masyarakat (social defence) karena tidak mengintegrasikan dimensi reparatif secara imperatif. Kedua, jika ditinjau dari tujuan hukum Gustav Radbruch, pengaturan tersebut gagal memenuhi trilogi tujuan hukum secara seimbang: tidak ada kepastian eksekusi, hilangnya kemanfaatan bagi pemulihan trauma korban, serta mencederai rasa keadilan substantif bagi kelompok rentan. Ketiga, sistem peradilan jinayat saat ini belum memiliki mekanisme pelaksanaan (executability) yang kuat, seperti ketiadaan kewenangan jaksa melakukan asset tracing (penelusuran aset) pelaku serta ketiadaan sanksi pengganti yang tegas jika restitusi tidak dibayarkan.
Perubahan melalui Qanun Aceh Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 mulai menunjukkan arah progresif dengan mereposisi restitusi sebagai ‘uqubat ta’zir utama dan memperkenalkan doktrin State Responsibility (tanggung jawab negara) melalui Pasal 51B, di mana Baitul Mal bertindak sebagai penjamin kompensasi bagi korban ketika pelaku terbukti tidak mampu membayar. Disarankan kepada Pemerintah Aceh untuk segera menerbitkan Peraturan Gubernur sebagai regulasi pelaksana yang mengatur standar penilaian kerugian dan tata cara eksekusi dana talangan guna memastikan hukum jinayat mampu mewujudkan pemulihan hakiki (restitutio in integrum).

Kata Kunci: Politik Hukum Pidana, Restitusi, Korban Perkosaan, Qanun Jinayat, Tujuan Hukum

Aceh Qanun Number 6 of 2014 concerning Criminal Law has normatively recognized the right to restitution for rape victims. However, there is a paradigmatic disconnect between the law on the books and the law in action, where the fulfillment of victims' right to restitution is often neglected in judicial practice. The main problem of this research is the weak legal policy formulation in Article 51 paragraph (1) of the 2014 Qanun Jinayat, which positions restitution as an optional additional remedy through the diction "can" and "depends on the victim's active request," thus creating legal uncertainty. This research aims to analyze criminal law policy in the formulation of restitution remedy, examine its position based on the theory of legal objectives, and identify the ideal mechanism for fulfilling the right to restitution for rape victims from the perspective of Islamic criminal law. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The research results show that, first, from a legal policy perspective, the restitution formulation in Qanun 6/2014 remains ambivalent and offender-oriented, as it positions victim recovery as a secondary option to physical sanctions (whipping or imprisonment) in Articles 48 and 49. Based on the political theory of criminal law, this formulation fails to function as an instrument of social defense because it does not integrate the reparative dimension imperatively. Second, when viewed from the perspective of Gustav Radbruch's legal objectives, the regulation fails to fulfill the trilogy of legal objectives in a balanced manner: there is no certainty of execution, the loss of benefits for the victim's trauma recovery, and the injury to the sense of substantive justice for vulnerable groups. Third, the current criminal justice system lacks a strong enforcement mechanism (executability), such as the lack of prosecutors' authority to conduct asset tracing of perpetrators and the absence of firm substitute sanctions if restitution is not paid. Changes through Aceh Qanun Number 12 of 2025 have begun to show a progressive direction by repositioning restitution as the primary form of restitution and introducing the doctrine of State Responsibility through Article 51B, in which the Baitul Mal acts as a guarantor of compensation for victims when the perpetrator is proven unable to pay. It is recommended that the Aceh Government immediately issue a Governor's Regulation as an implementing regulation governing the standards for assessing losses and procedures for executing bailout funds to ensure that jinayat law is able to realize genuine restitution (restitutio in integrum). Keywords: Criminal Law Politics, Restitution, Rape Victims, Qanun Jinayat, Objectives of Law