Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Pencemaran laut akibat limbah operasional kapal merupakan tantangan kritis bagi keberlanjutan ekosistem maritim dan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi internasional. Enam kapal latih milik Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Perhubungan (BPSDMP) Kementerian Perhubungan, termasuk KL. Laksamana Malahayati dan lima sistership-nya, menghasilkan volume limbah padat dan cair yang substansial selama pelayaran, namun beroperasi tanpa dilengkapi sistem incinerator yang memadai. Kondisi ini menimbulkan risiko tinggi terhadap pencemaran lingkungan laut dan pelanggaran terhadap Konvensi Internasional untuk Pencegahan Pencemaran dari Kapal (MARPOL 73/78). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis pengaruh jumlah personel di atas kapal (taruna, perwira siswa, awak kapal, dan penumpang) terhadap kuantitas timbulan limbah padat; (2) menganalisis pengaruh jam operasi mesin induk dan mesin bantu (running hours) terhadap volume limbah; (3) mengevaluasi dampak pengoperasian kapal tanpa incinerator terhadap kualitas lingkungan perairan pelabuhan; (4) menilai implementasi MARPOL 73/78 dalam penanganan limbah di atas kapal; dan (5) mengembangkan model incinerator rekayasa yang efektif, efisien, dan patuh terhadap regulasi MARPOL.
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain metode campuran sekuensial eksplanatori (sequential explanatory mixed methods) dengan studi kasus pada enam kapal latih. Tahap kuantitatif melibatkan pengumpulan data timbulan limbah harian, data operasional mesin, serta pengukuran parameter kualitas air laut (kekeruhan, nitrat, fosfat) di enam pelabuhan. Analisis data kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan regresi panel data dengan model Fixed Effects dan uji asumsi klasik. Tahap kualitatif dilaksanakan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan 12 informan kunci (Nakhoda dan Kepala Kamar Mesin) serta studi dokumen operasional kapal. Pengembangan model incinerator dilakukan melalui pendekatan engineering design menggunakan perangkat lunak CAD dan divalidasi dengan simulasi termal.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah personel di atas kapal memiliki korelasi positif yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan volume timbulan limbah padat, dengan rata-rata timbulan total berkisar antara 399,45 kg hingga 589,55 kg per pelayaran antar kapal. Jam operasi mesin induk dan mesin bantu juga berkorelasi positif terhadap peningkatan volume limbah berminyak (sludge oil). Ketiadaan incinerator terbukti meningkatkan risiko pencemaran di perairan pelabuhan, yang ditandai dengan potensi peningkatan kekeruhan (hingga 8,29 NTU), konsentrasi nitrat (hingga 0,188 mg/L), dan fosfat (hingga 0,098 mg/L) yang mendekati atau melampaui baku mutu lingkungan. Implementasi MARPOL 73/78 Annex I dan V pada kapal latih telah berjalan sesuai standar, ditunjukkan melalui pengelolaan limbah yang terdokumentasi dalam Garbage Record Book dan Oil Record Book. Model incinerator rekayasa yang diusulkan berhasil dirancang dengan sistem ruang bakar ganda (suhu 950°C pada ruang bakar utama dan 1050°C pada ruang bakar sekunder), sistem filtrasi gas buang berlapis (water spray, mesh filter, dan active carbon filter), serta kapasitas pembakaran yang sesuai dengan data timbulan limbah aktual.
Disimpulkan bahwa model incinerator rekayasa ini merupakan solusi teknis yang valid dan superior dibandingkan sistem standar untuk pengelolaan limbah di atas kapal latih, memastikan kepatuhan penuh terhadap MARPOL 73/78 Annex I, V, dan VI, serta memberikan kontribusi nyata bagi perlindungan lingkungan maritim Indonesia. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan optimasi desain untuk efisiensi energi, penyusunan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) nasional, serta penerapan teknologi waste-to-energy pada kapal latih dan kapal komersial di masa mendatang.
Kata Kunci: Pengelolaan Limbah Kapal, Incinerator, MARPOL 73/78, Pencemaran Laut, Kapal Latih, Desain Rekayasa, Metode Campuran.

Marine pollution originating from ship operational waste constitutes a critical challenge to the sustainability of maritime ecosystems and compliance with international regulations. Six training ships owned by the Human Resources Development Agency for Transportation (BPSDMP) of the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, including KL. Laksamana Malahayati and its five sisterships, generate substantial volumes of solid and liquid waste during voyages yet operate without adequate incinerator systems. This condition poses a high risk of marine environmental pollution and non-compliance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). This research aims to: (1) analyze the influence of the number of personnel on board (cadets, officer trainees, crew members, and passengers) on the quantity of solid waste generation; (2) analyze the influence of main engine and auxiliary engine running hours on waste volume; (3) evaluate the environmental impact on port waters resulting from ship operations without an incinerator; (4) assess the implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in on-board waste management; and (5) develop an engineered incinerator model that is effective, efficient, and fully compliant with MARPOL regulations. This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design with a case study approach across six training ships. The quantitative phase involved the collection of daily waste generation data, engine operational data, and seawater quality parameter measurements (turbidity, nitrate, phosphate) at six ports. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using panel data regression with a Fixed Effects model and classical assumption tests. The qualitative phase was carried out through in-depth interviews with 12 key informants (Ship Masters and Chief Engineers) and a review of ship operational documents. The incinerator model was developed through an engineering design approach using CAD software and validated with thermal simulations. The results demonstrate that the number of personnel on board has a significant positive correlation with the increase in solid waste volume, with average total waste generation ranging from 399.45 kg to 589.55 kg per voyage across ships. Main engine and auxiliary engine running hours also showed a positive correlation with the increase in oily waste (sludge oil) volume. The absence of an incinerator was proven to elevate pollution risks in port waters, indicated by potential increases in turbidity (up to 8.29 NTU), nitrate concentration (up to 0.188 mg/L), and phosphate concentration (up to 0.098 mg/L), approaching or exceeding environmental quality standards. The implementation of MARPOL 73/78 Annexes I and V on training ships has been conducted in accordance with international standards, as evidenced by waste management documentation in the Garbage Record Book and Oil Record Book. The proposed engineered incinerator model was successfully designed with a dual-chamber combustion system (temperatures of 950°C in the primary chamber and 1050°C in the secondary chamber), a multi-stage flue gas filtration system (water spray, mesh filter, and active carbon filter), and a combustion capacity aligned with actual waste generation data. It is concluded that this engineered incinerator model provides a valid and technically superior solution compared to standard systems for on-board waste management on training ships, ensuring full compliance with MARPOL 73/78 Annexes I, V, and VI, and making a tangible contribution to the protection of Indonesia's marine environment. This research recommends design optimization for energy efficiency, the development of national Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and the application of waste-to-energy technology on training ships and commercial vessels in the future. Keywords: Ship Waste Management, Incinerator, MARPOL 73/78, Marine Pollution, Training Ship, Engineering Design, Mixed Methods.