Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Penyebaran hoaks melalui media digital telah menjadi ancaman nyata terhadap stabilitas sosial, politik, dan keamanan internasional. Kasus invasi Amerika Serikat ke Irak tahun 2003 akibat informasi palsu tentang senjata pemusnah massal menunjukkan pentingnya pengaturan hukum internasional dalam mengatasi disinformasi. Instrumen seperti International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights dan Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, khususnya pada Pasal 1, memberikan dasar pengaturan, namun tantangan baru di era digital membutuhkan penafsiran dan penerapan hukum yang lebih adaptif.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan prinsip tanggung jawab negara dalam penyebaran berita hoaks dan disinformasi dalam perspektif hukum internasional dan untuk mengetahui serta menjelaskan bentuk tanggung jawab negara dalam kasus penyebaran berita hoaks mengenai senjata pemusnah massal oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap Irak berdasarkan hukum internasional.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dari sumber-sumber hukum primer, seperti Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts dan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, serta literatur sekunder yang relevan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran hoaks dan disinformasi di era digital memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap hubungan internasional dan stabilitas global. Prinsip-prinsip seperti due diligence, itikad baik, non-intervensi, dan tanggung jawab negara menjadi dasar penilaian terhadap pelanggaran hukum internasional yang terjadi akibat penyebaran informasi palsu. Kasus Amerika Serikat yang menyebarkan hoaks mengenai senjata pemusnah massal di Irak menunjukkan pelanggaran terhadap prinsip non-intervensi dan itikad baik, yang mengharuskan negara bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang timbul.

Disarankan kepada komunitas internasional untuk menanggulangi penyebaran hoaks dan disinformasi, diperlukan upaya kolaboratif antarnegara untuk memperkuat regulasi dan mekanisme penegakan hukum internasional, khususnya dalam bidang keamanan siber dan media digital. Penguatan instrumen hukum internasional, seperti resolusi tambahan di bawah naungan PBB, dapat menjadi langkah penting untuk menanggulangi dampak disinformasi. Kasus penyebaran hoaks mengenai senjata pemusnah massal di Irak menggarisbawahi perlunya pertanggungjawaban negara yang menyebarkan informasi palsu. Amerika Serikat seharusnya bertanggung jawab melalui bentuk tanggung jawab seperti satisfaksi, yaitu permintaan maaf kepada Irak, meskipun restitusi dan kompensasi tidak sepenuhnya dapat dilaksanakan.

The spread of hoaxes through digital media has become a real threat to social, political, and international security stability. The case of the United States' invasion of Iraq in 2003, based on false information about weapons of mass destruction, highlights the importance of international legal regulation in addressing disinformation. Instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, particularly Article 1, provide the foundational legal framework. However, new challenges in the digital era require more adaptive interpretation and application of the law. This research aims to explain the principles of state responsibility in the dissemination of hoaxes and disinformation from the perspective of international law and to identify and elaborate on the forms of state responsibility in the case of the spread of false information regarding weapons of mass destruction by the United States against Iraq, based on international law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature study from primary legal sources, such as the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as relevant secondary literature. The research findings indicate that the spread of hoaxes and disinformation in the digital era has significant impacts on international relations and global stability. Principles such as due diligence, good faith, non-intervention, and state responsibility serve as the basis for assessing violations of international law resulting from the dissemination of false information. The case of the United States spreading disinformation about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq constitutes a breach of the principles of non-intervention and good faith, which obligate the state to be held accountable for the resulting harm. It is recommended that the international community address the spread of hoaxes and disinformation through collaborative efforts among states to strengthen regulations and enforcement mechanisms of international law, particularly in the fields of cyber security and digital media. Strengthening international legal instruments, such as additional resolutions under the auspices of the United Nations, could be a crucial step in mitigating the impact of disinformation. The case of the spread of disinformation regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq underscores the need for accountability of states that disseminate false information. The United States should be held responsible through forms of state responsibility such as satisfaction, in the form of an apology to Iraq, although restitution and compensation may not be fully feasible.