Electronic Theses and Dissertation

ABSTRAK
PENGENDALIAN PENGANGGURAN DAN KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN
MELALUI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI BERBASIS PARIWISATA HALAL
DI 20 NEGARA UNGGULAN WISATA HALAL DUNIA


Oleh:

Zulkifli
NPM: 2101301010001

Promotor : Prof. Dr. M. Shabri, S.E., M.Ec.
Co-Promotor : Prof. Dr. Apridar, S.E., M.Si
Co-Promotor : Prof. Dr. Taufiq C. Dawood, S.E., M.Ec.Dev


Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pariwisata halal, tingkat kurs,
inflasi, investasi asing langsung, dan COVID-19 terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi,
pengangguran, dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada 20 negara unggulan pariwisata halal
dunia. Penelitian ini juga menguji peran pertumbuhan ekonomi sebagai variabel
mediasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel tahunan periode 2010–2024 dengan
metode Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag melalui pendekatan Pooled Mean Group
dan uji Sobel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata halal berpengaruh
positif signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang dan jangka
pendek, serta menurunkan pengangguran dan ketimpangan pendapatan dalam jangka
panjang. Tingkat kurs dan investasi asing langsung juga berperan penting dalam
mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi serta menurunkan pengangguran dan ketimpangan
pendapatan, terutama dalam jangka panjang. Sebaliknya, inflasi terbukti meningkatkan
ketimpangan pendapatan, sedangkan COVID-19 menurunkan pertumbuhan ekonomi
serta meningkatkan pengangguran dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Hasil mediasi
menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi memediasi pengaruh pariwisata halal,
tingkat kurs, investasi asing langsung, dan COVID-19 terhadap pengangguran dan
ketimpangan pendapatan, khususnya dalam jangka panjang, tetapi tidak memediasi
pengaruh inflasi. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pariwisata halal dapat menjadi
sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi dan instrumen pembangunan inklusif apabila didukung
oleh penguatan ekosistem destinasi, penciptaan lapangan kerja, pelibatan UMKM,
investasi produktif, stabilitas harga, dan perlindungan kelompok rentan.
Kata kunci: pariwisata halal, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, ketimpangan
pendapatan, Panel ARDL.

ABSTRACT CONTROLLING UNEMPLOYMENT AND INCOME INEQUALITY THROUGH HALAL TOURISM-BASED ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE WORLD’S 20 LEADING HALAL TOURISM DESTINATIONS By: Zulkifli NPM: 2101301010001 Promotor: Prof. Dr. M. Shabri, S.E., M.Ec. Co-Promotor: Prof. Dr. Apridar, S.E., M.Si. Co-Promotor: Prof. Dr. Taufiq C. Dawood, S.E., M.Ec.Dev. This study aims to analyze the effects of halal tourism, exchange rates, inflation, foreign direct investment, and COVID-19 on economic growth, unemployment, and income inequality in the world’s 20 leading halal tourism destinations. It also examines the mediating role of economic growth in these relationships. The study employs annual panel data for the period 2010–2024 and applies the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag model using the Pooled Mean Group approach, along with the Sobel Test to examine mediation effects. The findings show that halal tourism has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in both the long run and the short run, while also reducing unemployment and income inequality in the long run. Exchange rates and foreign direct investment also play important roles in promoting economic growth and reducing unemployment and income inequality, particularly in the long run. In contrast, inflation is found to increase income inequality, while COVID-19 reduces economic growth and increases both unemployment and income inequality. The mediation results indicate that economic growth mediates the effects of halal tourism, exchange rates, foreign direct investment, and COVID-19 on unemployment and income inequality, especially in the long run, but does not mediate the effect of inflation. These findings confirm that halal tourism can serve as a source of economic growth and an instrument of inclusive development when supported by a stronger destination ecosystem, job creation, MSME participation, productive investment, price stability, and protection for vulnerable groups. Keywords: halal tourism, economic growth, unemployment, income inequality, Panel ARDL.