Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Indonesia merupakan negara megabiodiversitas yang memiliki kekayaan sumber daya genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional yang sangat besar. Namun, terdapat persoalan terutama dalam hubungan antara aturan keanekaragaman hayati, mekanisme access and benefit sharing, dan sistem paten. Praktik pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik tanpa izin, pembagian manfaat yang tidak adil, serta lemahnya kewajiban pengungkapan asal-usul dalam permohonan paten menunjukkan perlunya penguatan instrumen hukum nasional dan internasional. Pada konteks tersebut, WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 hadir sebagai instrumen hukum internasional baru yang memperkenalkan kewajiban pengungkapan asalusul sumber daya genetik dan/atau pengetahuan tradisional dalam permohonan paten.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan perlindungan sumber daya genetik dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dan kesesuaiannya dengan ketentuan hukum internasional serta mengetahui urgensi ratifikasi WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 bagi Indonesia.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan terbatas. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif analitis terhadap hukum nasional dan internasional untuk mengetahui urgensi permasalahan yang diteliti.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah memiliki dasar hukum perlindungan sumber daya genetik melalui UUD NRI 1945, ratifikasi Convention on Biological Diversity, ratifikasi Nagoya Protocol, Undang-Undang Paten, dan beberapa regulasi sektoral lainnya. Namun, pengaturan tersebut belum sepenuhnya terintegrasi, terutama dalam menghubungkan mekanisme akses, pembagian manfaat, dokumentasi sumber daya genetik, dan pemeriksaan paten. Ratifikasi WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 menjadi penting karena dapat memperkuat transparansi sistem paten, mencegah pemberian paten yang keliru, serta memperkuat posisi Indonesia dalam menuntut pembagian manfaat yang adil.

Disarankan kepada pemerintah, ratifikasi tetap perlu diikuti dengan harmonisasi hukum nasional dan perlu mengakselerasi proses ratifikasi formal WIPO GRATK Treaty serta menyusun peta jalan kebijakan strategis demi mengamankan kepentingan nasional secara berkelanjutan.

Indonesia is recognized as a megadiverse country possessing vast genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Nevertheless, significant legal issues persist in the relationship between biodiversity regulations, access and benefit-sharing (ABS) mechanisms, and the patent system. The unauthorized utilization of genetic resources, inequitable benefit-sharing practices, and the weak implementation of disclosure of origin requirements in patent applications indicate the need for strengthening both national and international legal instruments. In this context, the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (WIPO GRATK Treaty) 2024 emerges as a new international legal instrument that introduces mandatory disclosure requirements concerning the origin of genetic resources and/or associated traditional knowledge in patent applications. This study aims to analyze the regulation of genetic resource protection within the Indonesian legal system and its conformity with international legal provisions, as well as to examine the urgency of ratifying the WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 for Indonesia. The research employs normative legal research methods using statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches. The analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically by examining national and international legal frameworks to assess the significance of the issues under investigation. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia has established a legal basis for the protection of genetic resources through the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the ratification of the Nagoya Protocol, the Patent Law, and various sectoral regulations. However, these legal arrangements are not yet fully integrated, particularly in linking access mechanisms, benefit-sharing arrangements, genetic resource documentation, and patent examination procedures. The ratification of the WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 is therefore considered crucial, as it may enhance transparency in the patent system, prevent the erroneous granting of patents, and strengthen Indonesia’s position in demanding fair and equitable benefit-sharing. It is recommended that the Indonesian government accelerate the formal ratification process of the WIPO GRATK Treaty 2024 and ensure that ratification is accompanied by the harmonization of national laws and the formulation of a strategic policy roadmap to safeguard national interests in a sustainable manner.