Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Arthropoda tanah merupakan komponen biotik penting dalam ekosistem yang berperan dalam meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, menguraikan serasah, dan mendaur ulang bahan organik menjadi unsur hara seperti nitrogen, fosfor, dan kalium. Jenis-jenis arthropoda tanah meliputi semut (Hymenoptera), rayap (Isoptera), kumbang (Coleoptera), laba-laba (Araneae), kaki seribu (Diplopoda), kelabang (Chilopoda), kutu kayu (Isopoda) dan lain-lain. Selain berperan sebagai dekomposer, arthropoda juga berperan sebagai predator alami untuk mengendalikan populasi hama. Keberadaan dan aktivitasnya dipengaruhi oleh faktor abiotik seperti pH, suhu, kelembapan, dan tekstur tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman arthropoda tanah pada pertanaman ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta) dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda.
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada pertanaman ubi kayu dengan tipe budidaya yang berbeda (monokultur dan polikultur) di Desa Saree Aceh serta di identifikasi di Laboratorium Ilmu Hama Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala, sejak Juni sampai Agustus 2025. Pengambilan sampel arthropoda tanah dilakukan menggunakan metode perangkap jebak (Pitfall trap) dan perangkap Corong Berlese (Berlese tulgreen) dilakukan pengamatan sebanyak 3 kali dengan interval waktu 14 hari. Peubah yang diamati meliputi komposisi individu, dan komposisi morfospesies, indeks keanekaragaman (H’), indeks kemerataan (E), indeks dominansi (D), dan indeks similaritas (IS) arthropoda tanah. Perbedaan indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dan dominansi arthropoda tanah antar tipe budidaya dianasis dengan uji t (α= 0,05).
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, Arthropoda tanah dengan tipe budidaya monokultur pada pertanaman ubi kayu di Desa Saree Aceh terdapat 33 morfospesies dengan total individu 426, sedangkan dengan tipe budidaya polikultur terdapat 29 morfospesies dengan total individu 692. Arthropoda tanah yang paling banyak ditemukan pada tipe budidaya monokultur dan polikultur adalah Ordo Hymenoptera (Formicidae) sejumlah 7 morfospesies daripada ordo-ordo lainnya. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener pada tipe budidaya monokultur (1,564) lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada tipe budidaya polikultur (1,115), keduanya masih tergolong rendah namun cukup stabil. Tipe budidaya monokultur memiliki indeks kemerataan dengan kriteria tinggi dalam kategori lebih stabil (0,79), Sedangkan polikultur memiliki indeks kemerataan dengan kriteria sedang dalam kategori cukup stabil (0,60). Tipe budidaya mokultur indeks dominansi dengan kriteria rendah dalam kategori stabil (0,29), sedangkan tipe budidaya polikultur indeks dominansi dengan kriteria tinggi dalam kategori cukup stabil(0,51). Indeks similaritas (kemiripan) arthropoda tanah pada kedua tipe budidaya tanaman ubi kayu dengan kriteria tinggi dan tergolong lebih mirip yaitu 0,68 diatas 50%.

Soil arthropods are important biotic components in the ecosystem that play a role in improving soil fertility, decomposing litter, and recycling organic matter into essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Types of soil arthropods include ants (Hymenoptera), termites (Isoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), spiders (Araneae), millipedes (Diplopoda), centipedes (Chilopoda), woodlice (Isopoda), and others. In addition to functioning as decomposers, arthropods also act as natural predators that help control pest populations. Their presence and activity are influenced by abiotic factors such as pH, temperature, humidity, and soil texture. This study aims to determine the diversity of soil arthropods in cassava (Manihot esculenta) plantations with different cultivation systems. This research was conducted in cassava plantations with different cultivation systems (monoculture and polyculture) in Saree Aceh Village and identified in the Laboratory of Plant Pest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, from June to August 2025. Soil arthropod samples were collected using the pitfall trap and Berlese funnel (Berlese–Tullgren) methods. Observations were carried out three times at 14-day intervals. The observed variables included the composition of individuals and morphospecies, diversity index (H’), evenness index (E), dominance index (D), and similarity index (IS) of soil arthropods. Differences in diversity, evenness, and dominance indices between cultivation types were analyzed using the t-test (α = 0.05). The results showed that in the monoculture cassava cultivation system in Saree Aceh Village, there were 33 morphospecies with a total of 426 individuals, while in the polyculture system there were 29 morphospecies with a total of 692 individuals. The most dominant soil arthropods found in both monoculture and polyculture systems belonged to the order Hymenoptera (Formicidae), comprising 7 morphospecies, which was higher than other orders. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the monoculture system (1.564) was higher than in the polyculture system (1.115), and both were categorized as low but relatively stable. The monoculture system had a high evenness index, indicating greater stability (0.79), while the polyculture system had a moderate evenness index, indicating moderate stability (0.60). The monoculture system showed a low dominance index, indicating a stable condition (0.29), whereas the polyculture system had a higher dominance index, categorized as moderately stable (0.51). The similarity index (IS) of soil arthropods between the two cassava cultivation systems was high, indicating a relatively similar community composition (0.68), exceeding 50%.