Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Latar Belakang: Perdarahan intraserebral traumatik merupakan bentuk cedera kepala berat dengan risiko tinggi terhadap kematian dan kecacatan. Variasi luaran klinis memerlukan identifikasi prediktor dini untuk menunjang pengambilan keputusan medis secara cepat dan tepat. Tujuan: Menilai peran Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), volume perdarahan, leukosit, natrium, dan kalium sebagai prediktor luaran klinis, serta menyusun sistem skoring prediktif. Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada 80 pasien perdarahan intraserebral traumatik. Data diambil dari rekam medis dan dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik. Luaran diklasifikasikan menggunakan Glasgow Outcome Discharge Scale (GODS) menjadi luaran baik (skor 5–8) dan buruk (skor 1–4). Sistem skoring disusun berdasarkan kontribusi masing-masing variabel. Hasil: GCS ≤ 8 (OR = 10,102) dan volume perdarahan ≥ 20,5 mL (OR = 0,129) merupakan prediktor signifikan. Leukositosis (OR = 0,418), hiponatremia (OR = 3,549), dan hipokalemia (OR = 3,267) tetap menunjukkan nilai prediktif secara klinis meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Skor total berkisar 0–7, dengan risiko kematian meningkat dari 3,4% hingga 98,7%. Kesimpulan: GCS, volume perdarahan, leukosit, natrium, dan kalium merupakan prediktor potensial luaran klinis. Sistem skoring yang dikembangkan bersifat sederhana, praktis, dan dapat digunakan untuk stratifikasi risiko awal di layanan gawat darurat.

Kata Kunci : Perdarahan intraserebral traumatik, Glasgow Coma Scale, Volume perdarahan, Leukosit, Elektrolit, Luaran Klinis, Sistem skoring.

Background: Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (TICH) is a severe type of traumatic brain injury with high risk of death and disability. The wide variation in clinical outcomes necessitates early identification of predictive factors to support prompt and accurate medical decisions. Objective: To evaluate the roles of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), hemorrhage volume, leukocyte count, sodium, and potassium levels as predictors of clinical outcomes, and to develop a simple scoring system. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 80 TICH patients. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using logistic regression. Outcomes were classified using the Glasgow Outcome Discharge Scale (GODS) into favorable (scores 5–8) and unfavorable (scores 1–4). The scoring system was built based on the contribution of each variable. Results: GCS ≤ 8 (OR = 10.102) and hemorrhage volume ≥ 20.5 mL (OR = 0.129) were significant predictors. Leukocytosis (OR = 0.418), hyponatremia (OR = 3.549), and hypokalemia (OR = 3.267) were not statistically significant but remained clinically relevant. The total score ranged from 0 to 7, with mortality risk increasing from 3.4% to 98.7%. Conclusion: GCS, hemorrhage volume, leukocyte count, sodium, and potassium are potential predictors of clinical outcomes in TICH. The scoring system developed is simple, practical, and evidence-based, and may support early risk stratification in emergency and critical care settings. Keywords: Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, Glasgow Coma Scale, hemorrhage volume, leukocytes, electrolytes, clinical outcome, scoring system