Electronic Theses and Dissertation

Aktivitas manusia di kawasan di luar yurisdiksi nasional (abnj) semakin memberikan tekanan terhadap keanekaragaman hayati laut. perjanjian keanekaragaman hayati di luar yurisdiksi nasional (bbnj) membentuk kerangka penilaian dampak lingkungan (eia) dengan proses penyaringan (screening) untuk mencegah kerusakan. sementara itu, otoritas dasar laut internasional (isa) di bawah unclos mengatur eia untuk penambangan laut dalam melalui prosedur dan standarnya sendiri. isu utama terletak pada bagaimana aturan screening eia milik isa berinteraksi dengan aturan bbnj, terutama bagi negara yang menjadi pihak bbnj sekaligus menjadi sponsor di isa. penelitian ini membandingkan standar dan mekanisme screening dalam kerangka bbnj dan isa serta mengkaji implikasi hukum perjanjian bbnj terhadap sistem isa, dengan fokus pada kesetaraan dan potensi harmonisasi. dengan menggunakan metode hukum normatif, penelitian ini menganalisis perjanjian bbnj, unclos, dan regulasi isa untuk menilai kemungkinan harmonisasi antara kedua kerangka eia dan mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam proses screening mereka. temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian bbnj menyediakan sistem screening yang lebih terstruktur, transparan, dan mengikat secara hukum dibandingkan pendekatan administratif isa, yang memberikan keleluasaan luas tanpa pedoman yang ketat. dengan menekankan prinsip kehati-hatian, partisipasi, dan akuntabilitas, bbnj mendorong pertimbangan lingkungan sejak tahap awal. penerapan prinsip transparansi dan kehati-hatian dari bbnj dapat memperkuat sistem isa, mengurangi tumpang tindih, dan meningkatkan komitmen kolektif terhadap perlindungan laut di bawah unclos. penelitian ini merekomendasikan harmonisasi standar screening serta penguatan kerja sama antara badan ilmiah dan teknis (stb) bbnj dan komisi hukum dan teknis (ltc) isa untuk memastikan konsistensi dan perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati laut yang terpadu di abnj.

Human activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) increasingly pressure marine biodiversity. The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement establishes an environmental impact assessment (EIA) framework with a screening process to prevent harm. Meanwhile, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) under UNCLOS regulates EIA for deep sea mining through its own procedures and standards. The key issue lies in how the ISA’s screening rules for EIA interact with those of the BBNJ, especially for states that are both BBNJ parties and ISA sponsors. This research compares the screening standards and mechanisms under the BBNJ and ISA frameworks and examines the BBNJ Agreement’s legal implications for the ISA system, focusing on equivalence and potential harmonization. Using a normative legal method, this study analyzes the BBNJ Agreement, UNCLOS, and ISA regulations to assess possible harmonization between the two EIA frameworks and identify gaps in their screening processes. The findings show that the BBNJ Agreement provides a more structured, transparent, and legally binding screening system than the ISA’s administr ative approach, which allows broad discretion without strict guidance. By emphasizing precaution, participation, and accountability, the BBNJ promotes early environmental consideration. Applying its principles of transparency and precaution could strengthen the ISA’s system, reduce overlap, and enhance collect ive commit ment to marine protection under UNCLOS. This study recommends harmonizing screening standards and strengthening cooperation between the BBNJ’s Scient ific and Technical Body (STB) and the ISA’s Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) to ensure consistency and unified marine biodiversity protection in ABNJ.